Class 10 History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism In Europe Important Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Answer: The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Question 2. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848?
Answer: The event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848 was the Greek War of Independence.

Question 3. What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Answer: The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was to oppose monarchical forms of government, that had been established after the Congress of Vienna and to fight for liberty and freedom.

Question 4. Who remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”?
Answer: Duke Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor, remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”.

Question 5. Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Answer: Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.

Question 6. What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th century in Europe?
Answer: For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Economically, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Question 7. What was main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
Answer: The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was signed with the main aim of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. It was signed to re-establish conservative regions in Europe.

Question 8. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century?
Answer: Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 9. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe? Analyse.
Answer: In the 19th century in Europe, the female figures became an allegory of the nation in the following ways.

• The artists, in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe, wanted to represent a country, as if it was a person. In other words, they wanted to personify the nation. Nations were represented as female figures. The female form did not belong to any particular woman in real life. It was an abstract idea, which gave the nation a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of a nation.
• In France, the female form was given the name of Marianne, which represented the nation. Her characteristics were red cap, the tricolour and the cockade, drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic.
• Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves because oak stands for heroism.

Question 10. ‘The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the statement with arguments.
Answer: The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe because:

• The first half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in population, all over Europe. There was scarcity of jobs and few employment opportunities.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities in search of jobs. They lived in overcrowded slums.
• Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine goods from England.
• In those parts of Europe where aristocracy was strong and enjoyed enormous powers, the peasants groaned under the burden of feudal dues and taxation.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest, added to the miseries of the common man.

Question 11. Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support the statement with examples.
Answer: Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe in the following ways.

• Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments.
• Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the das volk.
• Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they favoured emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
• Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and the ban on Polish language, by using it in the Church gathering for all religious ceremonies and for religious instruction. The Polish language became a weapon of the nationalists.
• Two Germans, Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to promote the German spirit against the domination of the French.
• Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit.
• Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurki became national symbols.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 12. Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer: The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people were as follows.

• The idea of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the idea of united people enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
• A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
• The Estates General was elected by the active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
• New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of nation.
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
• A centralised administrative system was put in practice and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
• Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

Question 13. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Analyse the statement with arguments.
Answer: Napoleon declared himself the emperor of France and destroyed democracy. In the administrative field, he incorporated revolutionary principles, which were as follows.

• The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and gave the right to property.
• The code which was introduced in the regions under French control, like Italy, Germany, Switzerland, simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues,
• In towns guild restrictions came to an end.
• Uniform weights and measures were adopted. A common national currency helped in the movement of goods and capital from one region to another.
• Transport and communication systems were improved.

Question 14. ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe’. Analyse the statement with examples.
Answer:

• Towards the end of the 19th century, nationalism became a narrow belief with inadequate ends.
• This period saw nationalist groups becoming increasingly prejudiced of each other and ready to wage a war at the slightest of the pretext.
• Nationalism was now identified with increasing one’s sphere of influence, by establishing control over more territories. Balkan states became jealous of each other and entered into a conflict to establish more control and power in the region at the cost of others.
• The chief European authorities saw this as an opportunity and manipulated the nationalist desires of the subject peoples. ‘
• European powers were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans. They did nothing serious to solve the Balkan issue rather watched the situation to turn fruitful for them.The most severe tensions emerge after 1871, leading to a series of wars and ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 15. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French Revolution in Europe?
Answer: Major political and constitutional change that occurred after the French Revolution of 1789 was the end of the rule of absolute monarch and transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

Question 16. What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?
Answer: The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to transfer sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens and to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

Question 17. What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists?
Answer: The major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists was the freedom of press.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 18. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
Answer: Refer to answer 11

Question 19. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe? Explain.
Answer: A wave of economic nationalism strengthened wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe with:

a)      The demands of new commercial classes for a unified economic province for unconstrained transfer of commodities, people and funds.

b)      The formation of the zollverein in 1834.

c)        The elimination of tariff barriers by the union.

d)      The reduction in the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

e)      The formation of a network of railways that further helped mobility and connected economic interests to national unification.

Question 20. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe.
Answer: Events of French Revolution that influenced the people of other parts of Europe were as follows.

a)      When the news of the French Revolution reached different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began to set up Jacobin clubs which influenced the French army.

b)      The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

c)       The Napoleonic Code, introduced in 1804, abolishing privileges and upholding equality and other reforms, exported these new ideas to the European regions under French Control

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 21. Describe the process of unification of Germany.
Answer: The Process of unification of Germany:

• By 1848, the popular effort of political associations failed in installing a constitutional monarchy in Germany.
• The Failure of Frankfurt Parliament made it clear that German unification had to come through the combined effort of monarchy and army supported by large landowners.
• From 1848, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement of national unification.
• In this process Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, proved to be the main architect.
• Bismarck reached his goal with the help of Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars in seven years with Austria, Denmark and France which ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of German unification.

Question 22. “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Support the statement.
Answer: The term nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness based on common heritage and common identity and a sense of belonging to one’s nation.

• The spirit of nationalism can spread and develop only when people discover some bond or unity that binds them together.
• The sense of collective belonging develops through the experience of united struggles.
• There are a variety of cultural process through which nationalism captures people’s imagination.
• History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all play a role in the spread of nationalism.
• Any image or symbol that is identified as nation is also recognised as a bond and help in the spread of nationlism.

Question 23. Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Answer: During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of
which only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by Italian princely house.

• Mazzini, a great revolutionary leader of Italy, inspired the youth with the ideas of establishing a single unified Italy. He set up secret societies like Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne with like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states.
• Mazzini prepared the ground for Cavour to complete the process of unification.
• After a series of failures of Mazzini, King Victor Emmanuel II took to unifying Italy through wars.
• Cavour, the Chief Minister, through his tactful diplomatic alliance with France, defeated Austrian forces in 1859.
• Under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, armed volunteers marched into South Italy in 1860 along with the Kingdom of two Sicilies and won the support of local peasants and drove the Spanish away, thus unifying Italy in 1861. Victor Emmanuel II was made the King of united Italy.

Question 24. Describe the process of unification of Britain.
Answer: In Britain the formation of a nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval, revolution or national struggle but of a long drawn out parliamentary process. England had people of many ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish with their own cultural and political traditions. The English nation steadily grew in importance, wealth and power and extended her influence over other nations of the island.
The British Parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at the centre, came to be forged.
The Act of Union of 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Ireland, after a prolonged conflict between Irish Catholics and British Protestants, was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. The symbols of the new Britain—the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem and the English language—were actively promoted.

Question 25. Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
Answer: Refer to answer 12

Question 26. “The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of nationalism in the first half of the nineteenth century became a narrow creed with limited ends.” Examine the statement.
Answer: Refer to answer 14

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 27. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain.
Answer:

• The reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. Although the economic reforms introduced by Napoleon were welcomed by businessmen and small producers of goods.
• Initially the French armies were welcomed in Holland, Switzerland and in cities like Brussels, as messenger of liberty, but they soon realised that administrative reforms did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
• The people reacted against increased taxation and censorship.
• Local people had to serve in the French army to conquer other parts of
  Europe, these all seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.

Question 28. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe.
Answer: The conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe were:

• There were many states imposed restrictions on the movement of goods, capital and people.
• Each confideration had its own system of weights and measures that involved time-consuming calculations.
• Because of countless principalities, there were many check posts where custom duties were paid by the merchants. It resulted in price rise and delay in supply.

Question 29. What were Jacobin Clubs? How did their activities and campaigns help to spread the idea of nationalism abroad? Explain.
Answer: Jacobin clubs were the political clubs that were set up by educated middle class in all over Europe to replace autocratic regimes in Europe with democratic governments. They were inspired by the events in France.

• The activities and campaigns of these clubs paved the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium and Switzerland and much of Italy in 1790.
• With the outbreak of revolutionary wars, the French armies carried the ideas of nationalism in foreign countries.

Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks]

Question 30. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815. Explain with examples.
Answer:

• After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 when conservative regimes were restored to power, many liberal minded people went underground because of the fear of repression. Secret societies sprang up in European states to train the revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• Many revolutionaries opposed monarchial rule and fought for liberty and freedom of their respective states.
• One such revolutionary was Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian patriot, was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He became the member of a secret society carbonari.
• He founded two underground socities, first Young Italy in Marseilles and the other Young Europe in Berne. The society had members from Poland, France, Italy, Germany, etc. The members believed in the formation of nation states and they were liberal minded people.
• Following the example of Italy, secret societies were set up in Germany, France Switzerland, Poland. Mazzini’s vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 31. Name the female allegory, which was invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the nation of France. Explain any two features of it.
Answer: The name of the allegory, to represent the nation of France was Marianne. The following were its features:

• It underlined the idea of a people’s nation.
• Her characteristics were drawn from liberty and republic.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 32. How did Balkans become the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871? Explain with examples.
Answer: Balkan become the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 because of the following reasons:

• It was a region consisting of multi-nationalities including modem day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece etc. It was under the control of Ottoman Empire.
• There arouse internal conflicts among the different nationalities and they voiced protest to assert their independence.
• The romantic sentiments made the people understand that they were subjugated by a foreign power.
• The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and they wanted to gain more territories at the cost of others.
• Other big European powers like Russia, Germany, England, etc. were keen on controlling the hold of other powers over the Balkans. They too had their imperialistic ambitions on Balkans.
  This made the situation in Balkans worse and led to First World War in 1914.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 33. Describe the impact of the ‘Revolution of Liberals’ of 1848 in Europe.
Answer: The Revolution of the Liberals in 1848 was led by the educated middle classes.
The impact of the Revolution was:

• In France, it brought about the abdication of monarch and a republic based on the principles of universal male suffrage was set up.
• Germany, Poland, Italy, Austro-Hungarian Empire did not exist as independent nation states. Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism and national unification. They wanted a nation state on parliamentary principles—a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
• In the German regions, middle class professionals, businessmen and rich artisans came to the city of Frankfurt to vote for an all-German National Assembly. The Frankfurt Assembly was convened, they drafted a constitution, headed by a monarchy subject to the crown. However, the king Friedrich Wilhelm-IV of Prussia refused to accept the crown.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 34. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
Answer: Following were the beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815:

• The conservatives held the belief that established, traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy, church, social hierarchies, property and family must be protected and preserved.
• They never proposed a pre-revolutionary period to return to but they knew that as Napoleon had carried out changes, modernisation would in fact contribute to a strong monarchy. They believed that it would strengthen power of the state and make it much more effective.
• For them it was a firm belief that aristocratic monarchies of Europe would gain much from a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom. ‘

Question 35. Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification.
Answer: Otto von Bismarck was the chief architect of German unification. He carried out the process with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy. He helped in infusing nationalism in the mind of the masses. Three wars for over seven years were fought to seek the German nation and defeat of Austria, Denmark and France. Bismarck initiated in proclaiming the new German nation under Kaiser William I of Prussia, thus completing the process of German unification.

Question 36. Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century.
Answer: Polish people used their culture in a big way. They strived hard to keep their national identity. Nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the following ways:

• They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski raised the national struggle by staging his Polish operas and music.
• Traditional dance forms of Poland polonaise and mazurka became their national symbols.
• In the regions occupied by the Russia, Polish people used their language to develop nationalist feelings. It was used as a weapon of national resistance in Church gatherings and religious instructions.

Question 37. Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871.
Answer: The Balkans comprised of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro. A large part of this region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. This was a region of great geographical and ethnic variation and its inhabitants were known as Slavs.
The following were the main causes of the. conflict in the Balkan area after 1871:

• The feelings of nationalism of these countries were in conflict with one another. They were fiercely jealous of each other and struggle to define their identity. They were extremely intolerant of one another.
• The disintegration of Ottoman Empire which had throughout the 19th centuries tried to strengthen itself through modernisation and reforms.
• The breaking away of each of these nationalist group one by one from control of the Ottoman Empire was the another cause of conflict. They declared themselves as independent with political rights on the basis of the history. They proved that once they had been independent but were subsequently subjugated by foreign powers.
• Each of these counties attempted to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
• The Balkans became a scene of big power of rivalry. Major European pofter— Russia, Germany-England—Austro-Hungary—manipulated nationalist aspirants to complete their own aims. There was a rivalry between the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military superiority.
• There was a rivalry among the big powers to counter the hold of other powers over the Balkan region and extending their own control, {any three)

Question 38. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe.
Answer: Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. The members of the society were drawn from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
Mazzini strongly believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

Question 39. Explain in three points, how Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.
Answer: Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801 in the following ways:

• Ireland was deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants to establish dominance over the largely Catholic country.
• Catholics revolted against this dominance but were suppressed. Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen led a revolt but failed.
• As the English nation grew in power and influence, Ireland’s distinctive culture and language was suppressed. The new symbols like British flag, national anthem and English language was promoted.

Question 40. Explain any three features of the ‘Nation State’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth centuiy.
Answer: The following were the features of the ‘Nation State’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth century:

• This period witnessed intense rivalry and group were formed among nations over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might.
• Ottoman Empire had disintegrated and subject nationalities declared their independence.
• Colonies waged anti-colonial struggle which led to the independence of these nations.

Long Answer Type Questions [4\5 Marks]

Question 41. Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic
Answer: Liberal nationalists had the following ideas in the economic sphere:

• They wanted the freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• They argued for the creation of unified economic territory.
• Reduction of currency disparities and following of uniform weights and measures.
• Creation of infrastructure to stimulate mobility and harness economic interests to national unification.

Question 42. Explain any four changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna(1815)
Answer: Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by collective European powers i.e. Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The representatives of European powers drew up the Treaty of Vienna at a congress hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich with the objective of undoing the changes that had come about the Europe during the Napoleonic wars. Following changes were brought about in Europe by this treaty:

• The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution was restored. French lost the territories it has annexed under Napoleon.
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
• The Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the north. Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
• prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers. Austria was given control of northern Italy.
• The German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was given part of Saxony.
• Monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

2010

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 43. Mention the proclamation of the French Revolution.
Answer: The French Revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

Question 44. Who founded the secret society, ‘Young Italy’ during the 1830s?
Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, founded secret society, ‘Young Italy’ during the 1830s.

Question 45. Name the female allegory representing the Republic of France.
Answer: The female allegory representing the Republic of France is Marianne.
.
Question 46. Name the female allegory of the German nation.
Answer: The female allegory of the German nation is Germania.

Question 47. What was the result of the first upheaval that took place in France in July 1830?
Answer: The first upheaval that took place in France in July 1830 resulted in the overthrowing of the Bourbon kings and installation of a constitutional monarch with Louis Philippe as its head

Question 48. Explain any three features of Napoleonic Code

Answer: The following were the features of the Napoleonic Code:

• Monarchy was restored after destroying democracy.
• The administrative system was made rational and efficient.
• Administrative divisions were simplified.
• Privileges based on birth were abolished and equality before the law was established.

Question 49. Give A Short On Frederic Sorrieu, Who Prepared A Series Of Four Prints Visualising Dream Of World?

Answer: In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social classes– marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it they recognise the torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other. On the earth remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. In Sorrieu’s in the foreground of the image lie the shattered utopian vision the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.

Question 50. Describe The Impact Revolution Of The Liberals 1848 In Europe?

Answer: The impact revolution of liberals are the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principle In the German regions a large number of political members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and associations whose prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.

Question 51. Who Were German And What Is The Colour Of Flag?

Answer: Germany, bearing the black, red and gold flag. German peoples did not yet exist as a united nation – the flag they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution. Following the German peoples are the peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia.

Question 52. When Was First Clear Expression Of Nationalism Come Into The France?

Answer The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. France, as you would remember, was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

Question 53. What Measures and Practices Introduced By the French Revolutionaries?

Answer When the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken. and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

Question 54. How Did French Revolution Inspire The Counties Of Europe For Nationalism?

Answer When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.

Question 55. Name The Kingdom Of Germany, Italy, And Switzerland?

Answer Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania

Question 56. Describe The Difference Between Aristocracy And New Middle Class?

Answer Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. Europe the members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs. In 1750’s Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German. In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.

Question 57. What Is Liberalism In Sense Of Society And Economy?

Answer The meaning of ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. There is some political experiment in liberal democracy are the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage. However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.

Question 58. How Many Custom Barriers Paid By People of Europe?

Answer A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of them. Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming calculation. There are some cloth, for example, was the elle which in each region stood for a different length. An Elle of textile material bought in Frankfurt would get you54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm, in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm.

Question 59. What Was Zollverein? Describe Its Major Steps To Improve Economy?

Answer In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. There are some major steps to improve economy: The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

Question 60. Who and How Introduce Conservatism in Europe?

Answer In 1815 by the Napoleon, defeat European Government were deriving the spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family –should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.

Question 61. Who Did Estate Treaty Of Vienna Of 1815?

Answer The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon They setup boundaries of France it prevent for their future of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. But the German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

Question 62. Who Was Lord Bourbon?

Answer The lord Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. ‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’

Question 63. How Did Greece Get Independent?

Answer The Greece got the support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. Lord Byron, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Question 64. By Whom Conservative Over Through In the France?

Answer An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.

Question 65. When Was Poland Partitioned And Why Did Poland No Longer Existed Its Independent?

Answer The Poland was being partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski, for example celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.

Question 66. Describe The Hunger, Hardship And Popular Revolt?

Answer When the years of great economic hardship. In 1830’s the first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent. This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

Question 67. How Did Women Start Representation And What Was Reaction Of National Assembly In Europe?

Answer Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this they were denied. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. The reaction of national assembly was the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

Question 68. Explain The Contribution Of Otto Von Bismarck In German Unification?

Answer The contribution of Otto van Bismarck the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.

Question 69. Describe The Unification Of Italy? Why It Is Called That Unification Of Britain Is Not Come Out Of Struggle?

Answer During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. When the year of 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

Question 70. How Did Britain Became A United Kingdom?

Answer The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

Question 71. Why Did Female Figure Became Allegory?

Answer In other words they represented a country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.

Question 72. Describe About Allegory Of The France With Their Symbol And Significance?

Answer France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Question 73. In Europe, Which Area Is Called Balkans And Why?

Answer The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 74. Why Did Nationalist Conflict Rise In The Balkans?

Answer The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded.

Question 75. How Were Inspired By The Sense Of Collective National Unity?

Answer The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism. European ideas of nationalism were nowhere replicated, for people everywhere developed their own specific variety of nationalism. But the idea that societies should be organised into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.

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